Table 1 Charting of all included studies fitting our search strategy with references (n = 139). Studies mapped based on bias(es) studied may belong to more than one or more category. All other parameters (location, goal, population) contain mutually exclusive criteria

Study Location

 United States

89/139 (64%)

[12, 26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112]

 Europe

20/139 (14%)

[11, 113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131]

 Asia

9/139 (6%)

[132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140]

 Canada

7/139 (5%)

[141,142,143,144,145,146,147]

 Australia/New Zealand

6/139(4%)

[148,149,150,151,152,153]

 Central/South America

5/139 (4%)

[154,155,156,157,158]

 Multi-national

3/139 (2%)

[159,160,161]

Goal of Study

 Document Evidence of Bias (EOB)

69/139 (50%)

[11, 12, 28, 41, 47, 49,50,51,52, 54, 56, 61, 64, 66,67,68, 71, 72, 74, 79, 81, 88, 92, 93, 98,99,100,101,102,103,104, 106, 108, 110, 112,113,114,115,116, 119, 120, 122,123,124,125,126, 129,130,131, 136, 138,139,140,141,142,143, 145, 148,149,150,151, 153,154,155, 157,158,159, 161, 162]

 Bias Intervention (BI)

51/139 (37%)

[26, 27, 29, 31, 34,35,36, 39, 40, 43, 45, 46, 48, 55, 57,58,59, 62, 63, 65, 70, 76,77,78, 80, 83,84,85,86,87, 89,90,91, 94,95,96,97, 105, 107, 109, 111, 117, 118, 121, 133, 134, 146, 152, 156, 160]

 Both (EOB + BI)

19/139 (14%)

[30, 32, 37, 38, 42, 44, 53, 60, 69, 73, 75, 82, 128, 132, 135, 137, 144, 147, 162]

Population of Study

 Medical Student (MS)

105/139 (76%)

[12, 26, 27, 29, 33, 35, 37,38,39, 41, 42, 44,45,46,47, 50,51,52,53,54,55,56, 58, 59, 61, 64, 66, 68, 69, 71,72,73, 75,76,77, 79, 80, 82,83,84,85,86, 88,89,90,91,92,93,94, 96,97,98,99,100, 102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115, 117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128, 130, 131, 133, 134, 137, 138, 140, 142, 143, 145, 146, 148,149,150,151,152,153, 155, 156, 158,159,160,161,162]

 Residents (Res)

19/139 (14%)

[32, 34, 36, 43, 48, 60, 62, 65, 78, 87, 95, 116, 132, 135, 141, 144, 147, 154, 157]

 Mixed MS [and] Res

15/139 (11%)

[28, 30, 31, 40, 49, 57, 63, 67, 70, 74, 81, 101, 129, 136, 139]

Category of Bias Studied

 Race or Ethnicity

39/163 (24%)

[28, 31,32,33,34,35,36, 39, 43, 45, 48, 51, 52, 60, 62, 65, 68, 69, 71, 85, 87, 97, 98, 102, 107, 109, 110, 118, 128, 131, 141, 142, 148,149,150, 152, 163,164,165]

 Disease or condition

29/163 (18%)

[11, 67, 82, 86, 93,94,95, 105, 108,109,110, 113, 117, 124, 127, 133,134,135, 138, 142, 143, 146, 147, 154,155,156, 166, 167]

 Weight

22/163 (13%)

[4, 41, 44, 46, 50, 55, 60, 70, 73,74,75, 98, 101, 103, 104, 120, 121, 130, 137, 151]

 LGBTQ + 

21/163 (13%)

[29, 30, 49, 58, 60, 61, 78, 92, 94, 95, 98, 100, 110, 122, 123, 125, 126, 136, 140, 142, 158]

 Age

16/163 (10%)

[42, 64, 80, 83, 84, 89,90,91, 96, 106, 112, 115, 157, 162]

 Non-Specified

15/163 (9%)

[12, 26, 27, 37, 38, 40, 52,53,54, 57, 63, 68, 69, 99, 132, 145, 168, 169]

 Biological Sex

10/163 (6%)

[72, 81, 114, 116, 137, 139, 142, 153, 159, 161]

 Socioeconomic Status

7/163 (4%)

[36, 60, 69, 71, 97, 107, 144, 170]

 Education level

2/163 (1%)

[60, 95]

 Physical disability

1/163 (1%)

[77]

 Rural/Urban

1/163 (1%)

[129]