Designing, implementing, and evaluating a mobile app-based cultural care training program to improve the cultural capacity and humility of nursing students

Table 4 Comparison of cultural humility scores between control and intervention groups before and after the training program

Variables	Time	Pre-intervention	Post-intervention
Variables	Groups	M ± SD	M ± SD	Mean difference	ES^* (Cohen d)	Paired t-test	P- value
The context for differences in perspective	Intervention	19.23 ± 5.98	25.02 ± 6.84	5.79	0.90	-5.64	0.001
	Control	20.43 ± 6.47	21.02 ± 5.71	0.09	0.5	-0.52	0.60
	Independent t-test	-0.84	2.75
	P-value	0.40	0.007
	ES^* (Cohen d)	0.19	0.63
Self-attributes	Intervention	13.66 ± 2.69	15.05 ± 2.86	1.38	0.50	-3.15	0.003
	Control	14.29 ± 2.51	14.94 ± 2.68	0.64	0.25	-1.35	0.18
	Independent t-test	-1.05	0.16
	P-value	0.29	0.86
	ES^* (Cohen d)	0.24	0.03
Outcomes of cultural humility	Intervention	30.94 ± 4.76	33.66 ± 4.66	2.71	0.57	-3.54	0.001
	Control	32.89 ± 4.56	32.86 ± 5.13	0.02	0.006	0.03	0.97
	Independent t-test	-1.18	0.71
	P-value	0.07	0.47
	ES^* (Cohen d)	0.41	0.16
Total of cultural humility	Intervention	63.84 ± 9.93	73.74 ± 10.73	9.89	0.95	-6.98	0.001
	Control	67.62 ± 8.77	68.83 ± 9.47	1.21	0.13	-0.81	0.41
	Independent t-test	-1.73	2.10
	P-value	0.08	0.03
	ES^* (Cohen d)	0.41	0.48

^*Bold p-values are significant at a level of ≤ 0.05
Effect size (ES): 0–0.2 = small effect, 0.2–0.5 = moderate effect, > 0.5–0.7 = large effect, and > 0.7 = very large effect

ISSN: 1472-6920