Fig. 2

Comparison of scores according to clinical observation method (A) Comparison of procedural understanding. Procedural understanding was significantly different between the groups, with mean scores of 3.35 ± 0.988 and 4.35 ± 0.745 points in the control and VR groups, respectively (p = 0.001). When comparing procedural understanding according to the grade and clinical observation method, significant differences were found between the groups (F = 13.488, p = 0.004).; (B) Comparison of satisfaction with observation. Satisfaction with observation was significantly different between the groups, with mean scores of 4.40 ± 0.503 and 3.95 ± 0.759 points in the control and VR groups, respectively (p = 0.047). When satisfaction was compared between grades and clinical observation methods, a significant difference was observed between the groups (F = 8.676, p = 0.034). Data are presented as means ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.005