Table 5 Distribution of subjects and specialties among included reviews. Percentages do not add up to 100 due to overlaps by reviews covering more than one subject or specialty. Linked to RQ3.

 Minimally invasive

30

43.5

[19, 29, 30, 32, 34,35,36,37,38,39, 42,43,44, 47, 59, 65, 66, 68, 70, 73, 76, 84, 92, 96,97,98,99,100,101,102]

 General surgery and internal medicine

20

29.0

[19, 32, 34, 35, 38, 41, 43, 44, 59, 68, 73, 76, 84, 96,97,98, 101,102,103,104]

 Orthopaedic

16

23.2

[19, 29, 30, 34, 36, 37, 39, 41, 42, 46, 47, 59, 70, 92, 99, 104]

 Neurological

11

15.9

[19, 34, 41, 59, 71, 73, 86, 94, 96, 105, 106]

 Ophthalmic

9

13.0

[19, 40, 59, 63, 69, 103, 105, 107, 108]

 Cardiothoracic

5

7.2

[34, 65, 92, 109, 110]

 Otorhinolaryngologic

5

7.2

[19, 34, 59, 60, 92]

 Vascular

4

5.8

[19, 59, 109, 111]

 Urologic

4

5.8

[34, 59, 96, 100]

 Dental

2

2.9

[59, 73, 112]

 Plastic

1

1.4

[112]

 Gynaecologic

1

1.4

[96]

 Paediatric

1

1.4

[59]

 Interventional radiology

1

1.4

[66]

NON-SURGICAL

 Emergency

9

13.0

[11, 19, 34, 44, 48, 61, 72, 73, 92]

 Paediatrics

5

7.2

[19, 64, 75, 92, 113]

 Urology

5

7.2

[11, 64, 73, 75, 92]

 Psychiatry

4

5.8

[44, 45, 58, 92]

 Pulmonology

4

5.8

[72, 75, 77, 92]

 Nursing

3

4.3

[55, 75, 89]

 Dentistry

2

2.9

[92, 114]

 Radiology

2

2.9

[19, 59]

 Neurology

2

2.9

[72, 92]

 Dermatology

1

1.4

[72]

 Geriatrics

1

1.4

[73]

 Pathology

1

1.4

[73]

 General medicine

1

1.4

[11]

 Neonatology

1

1.4

[61]

 Gastro

1

1.4

[92]

PRECLINICAL

 Anatomy

10

14.5

[19, 44, 50, 72, 73, 85, 92, 105, 115, 116]

 Physiology

1

1.4

[116]

 Psychology

1

1.4

[49]

INTERDISCIPLINARY

 Basic clinical skills

7

10.1

[19, 55, 64, 72, 75, 89, 92]

 Communication

4

5.8

[11, 19, 72, 73]

 Non-technical skills

2

2.9

[11, 34]

 Pharmaceutical education

2

2.9

[50, 64]

 Decontamination

2

2.9

[64, 75]

 Not specified

2

2.9

[3, 117]

 History taking

1

1.4

[72]

 Surgery planning

1

1.4

[105]

 Disaster management

1

1.4

[64]