Fig. 3
Comparing the trainees' ultrasound-guided intervention skills using AR-US and S-US. A and B The performance of trainees with different seniority, with AR-US and S-US. C and D The performance of trainees of different gender, with AR-US and S-US. T1: Time required using ultrasound to identify the anatomy of the insertion site and locate IJV. T2: Time required under real-time ultrasound guidance to puncture IJV with a CVC syringe (Seldinger needle) and obtain venous flashback. TU = T1 + T2: Procedure time with US. TNU: Duration of guide wire insertion and CVC placement during the procedure. Specifically, time required to complete this process without the aid of ultrasound. CVC: Central venous catheter. UGY: Undergraduate students. PGY: Postgraduate physicians. AR-US: Augmented reality ultrasound using a head mounted display. S-US: Standard ultrasound without visual overlay