Fig. 6

Comparing the performance and NASA-TLX of different genders using AR-US and S-US. A The performance of participants of different gender in the AR-US group. B The performance of participants of different gender in S-US group. C The NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) scores of participants of different gender using AR-US. D The NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) scores of participants of different gender using S-US. T₁: Time required using ultrasound to identify the anatomy of the insertion site and locate IJV. T₂: Time required under real-time ultrasound guidance to puncture IJV with a CVC syringe (Seldinger needle) and obtain venous flashback. T_U = T₁ + T₂: Procedure time with US. T_NU: Duration of guide wire insertion and CVC placement during the procedure. Specifically, time required to complete this process without the aid of ultrasound. AR-US: Augmented reality ultrasound using a head mounted display. S-US: Standard ultrasound without visual overlay. *p-value < 0.05