Table 4 Comparison of the pretest and posttest mean scores within the newly enrolled clinical staff (mean ± SD)

All participants (N = 68)

Pretest

16.11 ± 1.79

12.75 ± 1.23

3.35 ± 0.91

Posttest

18.96 ± 2.41

15.15 ± 1.47

4.83 ± 1.19

P value

< 0.001*

< 0.001*

< 0.001*

Cohen’s d

0.473

0.671

0.351

Nurses (N  = 31)

Pretest

13.53 ± 1.89

10.41 ± 1.15

3.12 ± 0.88

Posttest

16.87 ± 2.13

13.57 ± 1.38

4.30 ± 1.08

P value

< 0.001*

< 0.001*

< 0.001*

Cohen’s d

0.798

0.591

0.243

Anesthetists (N = 7)

Pretest

16.43 ± 2.07

12.41 ± 1.12

4.02 ± 0.58

Posttest

19.73 ± 1.18

15.31 ± 2.13

5.42 ± 1.24

P value

< 0.001*

< 0.001*

< 0.001*

Cohen’s d

0.812

0.702

0.135

Surgeons (N  = 22)

Pretest

17.72 ± 2.23

14.78 ± 1.19

2.94 ± 0.78

Posttest

20.35 ± 1.78

16.38 ± 1.52

5.03 ± 1.43

P value

< 0.001*

< 0.001*

< 0.001*

Cohen’s d

0.852

0.533

0.749

Pharmacists (N  = 8)

Pretest

16.72 ± 2.23

13.41 ± 1.19

3.32 ± 0.88

Posttest

18.89 ± 1.89

15.32 ± 1.01

4.57 ± 0.76

P value

< 0.001*

< 0.001*

< 0.001*

Cohen’s d

0.532

0.711

0.534