Table 2 The performance of the novice first postgraduate-year (PGY-1) residents and undergraduate year (UGY) students
From: How to enhance the novices’ learning in ultrasound-guided procedures utilizing handmade phantoms?
Variables | PGY-1† (n = 18) | UGY† (n = 18) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Thoracocentesis | |||
Low-fidelity phantom | |||
Visualization of pleura, lung, and effusion | 3 (3–5) | 4(4) | 0.577 |
Visualization of needle | 5 (4–5) | 5 (5) | 0.270 |
Puncture and fluid aspiration | 3 (3–4) | 4 (3–5) | 0.353 |
Needle steadiness during aspiration | 4 (3–5) | 5 (4–5) | 0.173 |
Total score | 16 (15–18) | 18 (16–18) | 0.208 |
Global rating* | 3 (3–4) | 4 (3.5–4) | 0.095 |
Puncture attempt | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1.000 |
Puncture time (sec)* | 55 (43–115) | 60 (39–150) | 0.665 |
High-fidelity phantom | |||
Visualization of pleura, lung, and effusion | 4 (3–5) | 5 (3–5) | 0.181 |
Visualization of needle | 5 (3–5) | 5 (5) | 0.218 |
Puncture and fluid aspiration | 5 (3–5) | 5 (5) | 0.710 |
Needle steadiness during aspiration | 5 (5) | 5 (5) | 1 |
Total score | 19 (14–20) | 20 (18–20) | 0.331 |
Global rating* | 4.5 (4–5) | 5 (4–5) | 0.680 |
Puncture attempt | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 1.000 |
Puncture time (sec)* | 13 (9–33) | 13 (10–30) | 0.721 |
Pericardiocentesis | |||
Low-fidelity phantom | |||
Visualization of heart, pericardium, and effusion | 4 (3–5) | 4 (4–5) | 0.569 |
Visualization of needle | 4 (4–5) | 4 (4–4.5) | 0.426 |
Puncture and fluid aspiration | 4 (3–4) | 4.5 (4–5) | 0.107 |
Needle steadiness during aspiration | 3 (3–3.5) | 4 (3–5) | 0.023 |
Total score | 17 (13–17.5) | 17 (15–19) | 0.246 |
Global rating* | 4 (3–4.5) | 4.5 (4–5) | 0.051 |
Puncture attempt | 2 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 0.280 |
Puncture time (sec)* | 113 (59–203) | 67 (45–117) | 0.033 |
High-fidelity phantom | |||
Visualization of heart, pericardium, and effusion | 5 (3–5) | 5 (3–5) | 0.692 |
Visualization of needle | 5 (5) | 5 (3–5) | 0.351 |
Puncture and fluid aspiration | 4 (3–5) | 4 (3–5) | 1 |
Needle steadiness during aspiration | 5 (3–5) | 4 (3–5) | 0.726 |
Total score | 17 (14–20) | 16 (14–20) | 0.596 |
Global rating* | 3 (2.5–5) | 3 (3–4) | 0.898 |
Puncture attempt | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 0.906 |
Puncture time (sec)* | 62 (30–129) | 47 (19–108) | 0.389 |