Table 2 Comparison of pre-test versus post-test scores across categories of the CATS assessment tool for VBL and RP groups

Coordination

5.46 ± 1.93

7.90 ± 2.50

 < 0.001^*

6.28 ± 2.58

12.40 ± 2.62

 < 0.001^*

 Briefing

1.84 ± 0.72

2.50 ± 0.91

0.002^*

2.87 ± 1.40

3.34 ± 0.60

0.091

 Verbalize plan

1.62 ± 0.97

2.34 ± 1.00

0.005^*

1.93 ± 1.54

3.34 ± 0.65

 < 0.001^*

 Verbalize in expected timeframes

1.18 ± 0.78

1.75 ± 1.01

0.016^*

0.91 ± 1.20

3.25 ± 0.72

 < 0.001^*

 Debriefing

0.81 ± 0.47

1.31 ± 0.59

 < 0.001^*

0.47 ± 0.84

2.46 ± 1.56

 < 0.001^*

Situational Awareness

2.62 ± 1.07

3.68 ± 1.78

0.006^*

3.06 ± 2.21341

5.65 ± 1.51

 < 0.001^*

 Visually scan environment

1.15 ± 0.62

2.00 ± 0.91

 < 0.001^*

2.21 ± 1.31

2.90 ± 0.85

0.016^*

 Verbalize adjustments in the plan as changes occur

1.46 ± 0.91

1.68 ± 0.96

0.356

1.22 ± 1.48

2.75 ± 0.91

 < 0.001^*

Cooperation

7.06 ± 3.24

8.21 ± 2.57

0.119

8.09 ± 4.07

13.46 ± 3.58

 < 0.001^*

 Request external resources if needed

1.06 ± 0.56

1.28 ± 0.45

0.093

2.25 ± 1.75

2.53 ± 0.94

0.42

 Ask for help from the team

1.12 ± 0.65

1.31 ± 0.69

0.272

1.46 ± 1.68

2.71 ± 0.88

0.001^*

 Verbally request team input

1.06 ± 0.50

1.12 ± 0.33

0.562

0.71 ± 1.22

2.71 ± 0.99

 < 0.001^*

 Cross monitoring

1.28 ± 0.88

1.40 ± 0.66

0.526

0.90 ± 1.37

1.96 ± 1.59

.006^*

 Verbal assertion

1.12 ± 0.65

1.50 ± 0.56

0.018^*

0.68 ± 1.25

2.56 ± 1.41

 < 0.001^*

 Receptive to assertions and ideas

1.40 ± 0.83

1.59 ± 0.97

0.413

0.43 ± .98

0.96 ± 1.40

0.085

Communication

4.75 ± 3.57

11.28 ± 3.72

 < 0.001^*

4.25 ± 4.22

13.15 ± 6.33

 < 0.001^*

 Closed loop

0.31 ± 0.53

1.65 ± 1.03

 < 0.001^*

1.87 ± 1.62

3.03 ± 1.37

.003^*

 SBAR^a

1.12 ± 1.02

2.43 ± 0.98

 < 0.001^*

0.87 ± 1.21

3.25 ± 1.01

 < 0.001^*

 Verbal updates think aloud

0.91 ± 0.96

2.15 ± 0.98

 < 0.001^*

0.43 ± 0.98

1.37 ± 1.82

.014^*

 Use names

0.66 ± 0.65

1.75 ± 0.71

 < 0.001^*

0.71 ± 1.05

3.03 ± 1.40

 < 0.001^*

 Communicate with patients

0.59 ± 0.49

1.09 ± 0.39

 < 0.001^*

0.43 ± 0.98

1.09 ± 1.35

0.030^*

 Appropriate tone of voice

1.15 ± 1.02

2.18 ± 0.99

 < 0.001^*

0.06 ± 0.24

1.37 ± 1.80

 < 0.001^*