Table 3 Risk of bias assessment of the reviewed studies
*QuADS Criteria Study (Year) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | % Maximum score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aggar et al., 2020 [27] | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 62 |
Alderman, 2022 [28] | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 59 |
Anderson & Thorpe, 2010 [29] | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 41 |
Basran et al., 2012 [30] | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 74 |
Berkley-Patton et al., 2021 [31] | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 41 |
Bradley et al., 2023 [32] | 0 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 74 |
Byerly et al., 2020 [33] | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 79 |
Cant et al., 2014 [34] | 0 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 64 |
Caratelli et al., 2020 [35] | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 69 |
Craig et al., 2014 [26] | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 69 |
Darlow et al., 2015 [12] | 0 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 77 |
Darlow et al., 2022 [36] | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 67 |
Dressel et al., 2017 [37] | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 36 |
Ericson et al., 2012 [38] | 0 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 62 |
Fairchild et al., 2012 [39] | 0 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 62 |
Falk et al., 2013 [40] | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 74 |
Fell et al., 2019 [41] | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 79 |
Fenn et al., 2020 [42] | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 62 |
Frakes et al., 2014 [43] | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 38 |
Friedrich et al., 2021 [44] | 0 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 69 |
Grace & Coutts, 2017 [45] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 23 |
Hallin & Kiessling, 2016 [46] | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 64 |
Hallin et al., 2009 [47] | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 72 |
Hallin et al., 2011 [48] | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 64 |
Hanson et al., 2017 [49] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 64 |
Holmes et al., 2020 [50] | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 67 |
Hood et al., 2022 [51] | 0 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 87 |
Horbal et al., 2019 [52] | 0 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 69 |
Howell et al., 2021 [53] | 0 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 69 |
Hylin et al., 2007 [54] | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 77 |
Hylin et al., 2011 [55] | 0 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 72 |
Jackman et al., 2016 [56] | 0 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 59 |
Jakobsen & Hansen, 2014 [57] | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 59 |
Jakobsen et al., 2017 [58] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 46 |
Jakobsen et al., 2019 [59] | 0 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 74 |
Jebara et al., 2022 [60] | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 56 |
Joseph et al., 2012 [61] | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 46 |
Kangas et al., 2021 [62] | 0 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 67 |
Kara et al., 2018 [63] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 41 |
Kent et al., 2014 [64] | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 64 |
Keshmiri & Barghi, 2021 [65] | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 51 |
Kloppers et al., 2022 [66] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 54 |
Lachmann et al., 2013 [67] | 0 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 79 |
Lavender et al., 2014 [68] | 0 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 67 |
Lidskog et al., 2008 [69] | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 72 |
Lie et al., 2016 [70] | 0 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 77 |
Luebbers et al., 2017 [71] | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 92 |
Marcussen et al., 2019 [72] | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 77 |
McGettigan & McKendree, 2015 [73] | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 74 |
McNair et al., 2005 [74] | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 74 |
Meffe et al., 2012 [75] | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 46 |
Miller et al., 2024 [76] | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 72 |
Mink et al., 2021 [77] | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 72 |
Monahan et al., 2018 [78] | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 59 |
Nagelkerk et al., 2018 [79] | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 79 |
Nasir et al., 2017 [80] | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 51 |
Naumann, Mullins, et al., 2021 [81] | 0 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 67 |
Naumann, Schumacher, et al., 2021 [82] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 36 |
Nørgaard et al., 2013 [83] | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 69 |
Nwaesei et al., 2019 [84] | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 62 |
Omar et al., 2021 [85] | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 69 |
Opina-Tan, 2013 [86] | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 62 |
Ostertag et al., 2022 [87] | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 67 |
Powers et al., 2022 [88] | 0 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 67 |
Ray et al., 2021 [89] | 0 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 69 |
Robertson et al., 2022 [90] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 51 |
Schussel et al., 2019 [91] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 69 |
Seif et al., 2014 [92] | 0 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 69 |
Sevin et al., 2016 [93] | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 59 |
Shiyanbola et al., 2012 [94] | 0 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 54 |
Shrader et al., 2023 [95] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 64 |
Singla et al., 2004 [96] | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 51 |
Storrs et al., 2023 [97] | 0 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 74 |
Suwanchatchai et al., 2024 [98] | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 79 |
Swinnen et al., 2021 [99] | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 74 |
Takahashi et al., 2010 [100] | 0 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 46 |
Theodorou et al., 2018 [101] | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 67 |
Törnkvist & Hegefjärd, 2008 [102] | 0 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 59 |
Törnkvist et al., 2023 [103] | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 79 |
Turrentine et al., 2016 [104] | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 44 |
Vaughn et al., 2014 [105] | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 51 |
Venville & Andrews, 2020 [106] | 0 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 69 |
Visser et al., 2019 [107] | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 90 |
Walker et al., 2019 [108] | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 49 |
Wang et al., 2020 [109] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 67 |
Williamson et al., 2011 [110] | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 56 |
Wros et al., 2023 [111] | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 59 |
Zelić et al., 2023 [112] | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 72 |