Table 1 The detailed baseline characteristics of all included studies
Study | Publication time | No. of SCL | No. of LBL | students | Course category | outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Huang [16] | 2014 | 40 | 40 | Undergraduate | Nephrology | 1,2 |
Tian [17] | 2016 | 25 | 25 | Undergraduate | General surgery | 3 |
Lyu [18] | 2019 | 24 | 24 | Undergraduate | Otorhinolaryngology | 1,3,8 |
Wang [19] | 2020 | 30 | 30 | Undergraduate | Rehabilitation medicine | 1,2 |
Zhang [20] | 2020 | 30 | 30 | Undergraduate | Neurology | 1,2,4,5,7 |
Li [21] | 2021 | 50 | 42 | Postgraduate | Gastroenterology | 1,2,4,5,6,7 |
Wang [22] | 2021 | 30 | 30 | Undergraduate | Oncology | 2,3 |
Xiong [23] | 2021 | 25 | 25 | Undergraduate | Nephrology | 1,3,8 |
Yang [24] | 2021 | 20 | 20 | Undergraduate | General surgery | 1,2,3,4,5,6,8 |
Li [25] | 2022 | 31 | 31 | Undergraduate | Neurology | 1,2,4,6,7 |
Dai [26] | 2023 | 20 | 20 | Undergraduate | Neurosurgery | 2,3 |
LiuH [27] | 2023 | 51 | 51 | Undergraduate | Thoracic surgery | 1,3 |
LiuX [28] | 2023 | 31 | 31 | Undergraduate | Emergency medicine | 1,3 |
Sun [29] | 2023 | 32 | 32 | Undergraduate | Dermatology | 1,3,4,6,8 |
Zhao [30] | 2023 | 23 | 23 | Undergraduate | Medical imageology | 1,3,8 |
Li [31] | 2024 | 20 | 20 | Undergraduate | Medical imageology | 1 |