Table 4 Comparison of demographic characteristics with pain knowledge scores and attitudes toward pain management
| Â | Pain knowledge | Clinical pain management attitudes |
|---|---|---|
|  | Mean ± SDa | Mean ± SDa |
Gender | ||
 Female | 7.90 ± 3.01 | 21.85 ± 2.66 |
 Male | 7.39 ± 3.02 | 20.98 ± 3.05 |
 Test value/p-value | Z/p:4.38/ < 0.001* | Z/p:5.56/0.027* |
Having pain that persists at certain intervals | ||
 Yes | 8.06 ± 2.78 | 22.09 ± 2.34 |
 No | 7.44 ± 3.18 | 21.10 ± 3.10 |
 Test value/p-value | Z/p:6.06/0.012* | Z/p:5.92/0.006* |
Duration of pain that persists at certain intervals | ||
  (≤ 3 months) (n = 40) | 7.75 ± 3.01 | 21.63 ± 3.09 |
  (≥ 6 Months) (n = 71) | 7.78 ± 3.00 | 21.39 ± 2.65 |
 Test value/p-value | Z/p:2.35/0.309 | Z/p:1.57/0.456 |
Body location where pain is experienced the most | ||
 Upper body and extremities (head, neck, abdomen, shoulder, and arm) (n = 190) | 7.66 ± 3.05 | 21.38 ± 2.90 |
 Lower body and extremities (waist and legs) (n = 55) | 7.92 ± 2.89 | 22.12 ± 2.45 |
 Test value/p-value | Z/p:5.11/0.802 | Z/p:4.43/0.087 |
Condition that causes pain | ||
 Stress (n = 68) | 7.45 ± 3.15 | 22.05 ± 2.80 |
 Insomnia/fatigue (n = 69) | 7.44 ± 3.03 | 21.21 ± 3.03 |
 Chronic illness (sinusitis, migraine, and ulcer) (n = 54) | 8.16 ± 2.87 | 21.74 ± 2.76 |
 Physical stress (n = 54) | 7.98 ± 2.97 | 21.16 ± 2.58 |
 Test value/p-value | X2/p:1.51/0.678 | X2/p:4.93/0.177 |
Measuring pain intensity | ||
 Yes (n = 97) | 7.47 ± 3.03 | 22.11 ± 2.50 |
 No (n = 148) | 7.72 ± 3.01 | 21.55 ± 2.82 |
 Test value/p-value | Z/p:6.22/0.077 | Z/p:5.77/0.009* |
Time with the most pain | ||
 Morning (n = 75) | 8.06 ± 3.21 | 21.57 ± 2.89 |
 Noon (n = 53) | 7.86 ± 2.71 | 22.16 ± 2.49 |
 Evening (n = 117) | 7.44 ± 3.02 | 21.26 ± 2.90 |
 Test value/p-value | X2/p:2.26/0.322 | X2/p:3.06/0.216 |
Undesirable activity during pain | ||
 Daily activities (eating-drinking, bathing, and sleeping) (n = 98) | 7.65 ± 3.01 | 21.26 ± 2.95 |
 Activities that require physical ability (heavy lifting, cycling, and walking) (n = 86) | 7.68 ± 2.75 | 22.20 ± 2.67 |
 Activities that require cognitive ability (studying and reading books) (n = 61) | 7.90 ± 3.39 | 21.09 ± 2.69 |
 Test value/p-value | X2/p:0.23/0.888 | X2/p:6.92/0.031* |
Pain coping method | ||
 Pharmacological methods (Going to the emergency room/hospital,take medicines) (n = 57) | 8.08 ± 3.00 | 20.61 ± 2.32 |
 Non-pharmacological methods (sleeping, drinking herbal tea or coffee, applying hot compress, interested in other things/thoughts, have a shower, giving or having a massage, walking, listening to music) (n = 188) | 7.61 ± 3.02 | 21.84 ± 2.90 |
 Test value/p-value | Z/p:4.07/0.006* | Z/p:4.01/0.004* |
Chronic illness in the family | ||
 Yes (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer) | 7.80 ± 2.96 | 21.64 ± 2.62 |
 No | 7.58 ± 3.12 | 21.50 ± 2.93 |
 Test value/p-value | Z/p:5.63/0.022* | Z/p:6.73/0.859 |
The duration of chronic illness treatment in the family | ||
 1–5 Years (n = 23) | 6.95 ± 3.75 | 21.60 ± 2.87 |
 5–10 Years (n = 6) | 7.33 ± 2.06 | 22.83 ± 2.13 |
 10 years and older (n = 56) | 7.87 ± 2.94 | 21.50 ± 2.93 |
 Test value/p-value | X2/p:0.30/0.860 | X2/p:1.61/0.447 |
Family’s history of pain | ||
 Yes (migraines, rheumatism, fibromyalgia, lactate dehydrogenase, and kidney stones) | 7.59 ± 3.19 | 21.29 ± 2.60 |
 No | 7.77 ± 2.96 | 21.64 ± 2.89 |
 Test value/p-value | Z/p:5.30/0.257 | Z/p:6.18/0.491 |
Treatment duration of pain history in the family | ||
 1–5 years | 6.89 ± 2.97 | 21.71 ± 2.22 |
 5–10 years | 7.95 ± 3.37 | 21.20 ± 2.70 |
  ≥ 10 years | 8.46 ± 3.20 | 20.38 ± 3.01 |
 Test value/p-value | X2/p:1.64/0.200 | X2/p:0.79/0.373 |