Table 2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

General criteria

a. Must have been published between 2010 and 2023

a. Publication before 2010 and after 2023

b. Must be peer-reviewed

b. Publications that are not peer-reviewed

c. Must be in English language

c. Publications in other languages than English

d. Must be in the field of health professions

d. Publications on professions other than health

Definition

e. Co-design consists of students and faculty staff working together in a structured space towards educational and training purposes, with potential other stakeholders (e.g., healthcare professionals, patients, design professionals)

e. Co-design as participatory research, dialogical communities, peer-learning, or knowledge and value co-creation

f. Students significantly involved in co-design process (e.g., ideation, decision, making) resulting in concrete changes (e.g., course, scenario, tool, curriculum)

g. The beneficiaries of co-design process are the co-designer’s students, their peers or the following student classes

f. Student participation in co-design is limited to providing information (e.g., responding to a survey). Student solely as a tester (e.g., giving feedback) or the final user of a product co-designed by other stakeholders

g. The co-design process beneficiaries are the students’ partners (e.g., faculty staff, teachers, professionals, patients and care receivers) or a third party

Study design

h. Must be an empirical study

i. Co-design is one of the main topics and is described and analyzed precisely

h. Literature reviews, commentary papers, conceptual articles, study protocols

i. Co-design is a peripheral topic

Population

j. Student as undergraduate student (entry-level educational context) or professional in training (postgraduate continuing study once qualified to practice)

j. Student as a pupil or a patient

Intervention

k. Co-design in health professional education and training (e.g., medicine, nursing)

k. Co-design of preventive action in healthcare