Table 3 Comparison of students’ attitudes and perceptions about the use of artificial intelligence in dentistry according to gender, nationality and socioeconomic level (n = 235)

AI will lead to great advances in dentistry and medicine

Disagree n (%)

4 (3.8)

9 (7)

13 (5.68)

0 (0)

1 (11.11)

9 (5.33)

3 (5.26)

I have No Opinion n (%)

17 (16)

16 (12.4)

32 (13.97)

1 (16.67)

0 (0)

26 (15.38)

7 (12.28)

Agree n (%)

85 (80.2)

104 (80.6)

184 (80.35)

5 (83.33)

8 (88.89)

134 (79.29)

47 (82.46)

P value

0.428

1

0.704

AI may replace dentist and doctors in the future

Disagree n (%)

46 (43.4)

69 (53.49)

113 (49.34)

2 (33.33)

2 (22.22)

81 (47.93)

32 (48.94)

I have No Opinion n (%)

31 (29.2)

38 (29.46)

68 (29.69)

1 (16.67)

5 (55.56)

51 (30.18)

13 (29.36)

Agree n (%)

29 (27.4)

22 (17.05)

48 (20.96)

3 (50)

2 (22.22)

37 (21.89)

12 (21.7)

P value

0.133

0.278

0.289

AI can be used as a definitive diagnostic tool in disease diagnosis

Disagree n (%)

46 (43.4)

62 (48.06)

106 (46.29)

2 (33.33)

4 (44.44)

77 (45.56)

27 (47.37)

I have No Opinion n (%)

23 (21.7)

31 (24.03)

52 (22.71)

2 (33.33)

3 (33.33)

37 (21.89)

14 (24.56)

Agree n (%)

37 (34.9)

36 (27.91)

71 (31)

2 (33.33)

2 (22.22)

55 (32.54)

16 (28.07)

P value

0.51

0.868

0.897

AI can be used as a prognostic tool to predict the course of a disease and determine if there is a chance of recovery

Disagree n (%)

6 (5.66)

5 (3.88)

9 (3.93)

2 (33.33)

0 (0)

9 (5.33)

2 (3.51)

I have No Opinion n (%)

17 (16.04)

19 (14.73)

35 (15.28)

1 (16.67)

2 (22.22)

24 (14.2)

10 (17.54)

Agree n (%)

83 (78.3)

105 (81.4)

185 (80.79)

3 (50)

7 (77.78)

136 (80.47)

45 (78.95)

P value

0.784

0.33

0.891

AI can be used in the three-dimensional positioning and planning of implants

Disagree n (%)

3 (2.83)

0 (0)

3 (1.31)

0 (0)

0 (0)

3 (1.78)

0 (0)

I have No Opinion n (%)

15 (14.15)

16 (12.4)

29 (12.66)

2 (33.33)

1 (11.11)

19 (11.24)

11 (19.3)

Agree n (%)

88 (83.02)

113 (87.6)

197 (86.03)

4 (66.67)

8 (88.89)

147 (86.98)

46 (80.7)

P value

0.153

0.245

0.414

AI can be used as a treatment planning tool in the diagnosis and planning of dental treatment

Disagree n (%)

7 (6.6)

15 (11.63)

21 (9.17)

1 (16.67)

2 (22.22)

19 (11.24)

1 (1.75)

I have No Opinion n (%)

17 (16.04)

20 (15.5)

34 (14.85)

3 (50)

0 (0)

26 (15.38)

11 (19.3)

Agree n (%)

82 (77.36)

94 (72.87)

174 (75.98)

2 (33.33)

7 (77.78)

124 (73.37)

45 (78.95)

P value

0.462

0.042*

0.095

AI can be used as a quality control tool to assess the success of treatments

Disagree n (%)

9 (8.49)

8 (6.2)

17 (7.42)

0 (0)

2 (22.22)

12 (7.1)

3 (5.26)

I have No Opinion n (%)

18 (16.98)

31 (24.03)

48 (20.96)

1 (16.67)

1 (11.11)

29 (17.16)

19 (33.33)

Agree n (%)

79 (74.53)

90 (69.77)

164 (71.62)

5 (83.33)

6 (66.67)

128 (75.74)

35 (61.4)

P value

0.394

1

0.042

AI applications should be part of general doctoral dental education

Disagree n (%)

16 (15.09)

7 (5.43)

23 (10.04)

0 (0)

0 (0)

17 (10.06)

6 (10.53)

I have No Opinion n (%)

17 (16.04)

27 (20.93)

44 (19.21)

0 (0)

2 (22.22)

37 (21.89)

5 (8.77)

Agree n (%)

73 (68.87)

95 (73.64)

162 (70.74)

6 (100)

7 (77.78)

115 (68.05)

46 (80.7)

P value

0.038*

0.316

0.196

AI applications should be part of the specialized doctorate in dentistry

Disagree n (%)

14 (13.21)

12 (9.3)

25 (10.92)

1 (16.67)

1 (11.11)

20 (11.83)

5 (8.77)

I have No Opinion n (%)

19 (17.92)

31 (24.03)

50 (21.83)

0 (0)

3 (33.33)

35 (20.71)

12 (21.05)

Agree n (%)

73 (68.87)

86 (66.67)

154 (67.25)

5 (83.33)

5 (55.56)

114 (67.46)

40 (70.18)

P value

0.406

0.428

0.903

The use of AI in dentistry and medicine is exciting

Disagree n (%)

7 (6.6)

7 (5.43)

14 (6.11)

0 (0)

1 (11.11)

13 (7.69)

0 (0)

I have No Opinion n (%)

15 (14.15)

16 (12.4)

30 (13.1)

1 (16.67)

1 (11.11)

24 (14.2)

6 (10.53)

Agree n (%)

84 (79.25)

106 (82.17)

185 (80.79)

5 (83.33)

7 (77.78)

132 (78.11)

51 (89.47)

P value

0.845

1

0.204

AI can be used for radiographic diagnosis of dental caries

Disagree n (%)

5 (4.72)

16 (12.4)

21 (9.17)

0 (0)

0 (0)

14 (8.28)

7 (12.28)

I have No Opinion n (%)

8 (7.55)

28 (21.71)

35 (15.28)

1 (16.67)

2 (22.22)

21 (12.43)

13 (22.81)

Agree n (%)

93 (87.74)

85 (65.89)

173 (75.55)

5 (83.33)

7 (77.78)

134 (79.29)

37 (64.91)

P value

> 0.001*

0.001*

0.186

AI can be used for the diagnosis of soft tissue injuries in the oral cavity

Disagree n (%)

12 (11.32)

20 (15.5)

32 (13.97)

0 (0)

2 (22.22)

24 (14.2)

6 (10.53)

I have No Opinion n (%)

28 (26.42)

42 (32.56)

65 (28.38)

5 (83.33)

2 (22.22)

52 (30.77)

16 (28.07)

Agree n (%)

66 (62.26)

67 (51.94)

132 (57.64)

1 (16.67)

5 (55.56)

93 (55.03)

35 (61.4)

P value

0.285

0.014*

0.836

AI can be used for radiographic diagnosis of jaw pathologies

Disagree n (%)

4 (3.77)

20 (15.5)

22 (9.61)

2 (33.33)

0 (0)

15 (8.88)

9 (15.79)

I have No Opinion n (%)

18 (16.98)

25 (19.38)

41 (17.9)

2 (33.33)

2 (22.22)

28 (16.57)

13 (22.81)

Agree n (%)

84 (79.25)

84 (65.12)

166 (72.49)

2 (33.33)

7 (77.78)

126 (74.56)

35 (61.4)

P value

0.008*

0.045*

0.277

AI can be used for the radiographic diagnosis of periodontal diseases

Disagree n (%)

4 (3.77)

14 (10.85)

17 (7.42)

1 (16.67)

1 (11.11)

12 (7.1)

5 (8.77)

I have No Opinion n (%)

10 (9.43)

22 (17.05)

30 (13.1)

2 (33.33)

1 (11.11)

26 (15.38)

5 (8.77)

Agree n (%)

92 (86.79)

93 (72.09)

182 (79.48)

3 (50)

7 (77.78)

131 (77.51)

47 (82.46)

P value

0.017*

0.145

0.778

AI can be used in forensic odontology

Disagree n (%)

7 (6.6)

21 (16.28)

27 (11.79)

1 (16.67)

2 (22.22)

14 (8.28)

12 (21.05)

I have No Opinion n (%)

16 (15.09)

52 (40.31)

68 (29.69)

0 (0)

1 (11.11)

50 (29.59)

17 (29.82)

Agree n (%)

83 (78.3)

56 (43.41)

134 (58.52)

5 (83.33)

6 (66.67)

105 (62.13)

28 (49.12)

P value

> 0.001*

0.303

0.059