Fig. 3

Representative virtual reality (VR) scenes in the two training modules: image-based VR (IBVR) (left panel) and textbook-based VR (TBVR) (right panel). In the IBVR module, participants use hand gestures or controllers to select labeled subsections in the virtual environment and watch corresponding two-dimensional videos. In the TBVR module, participants use hand gestures or controllers to turn virtual book pages, enabling interaction with text and photographs