Image-based and textbook-based virtual reality training on operational skills among junior residents: a proof of concept study

Table 1 Comparisons of baseline participants characteristics

Characteristics	Overall group	IBVR-TBVR group	TBVR-IBVR group	P-value¹
Participants	n = 10	n = 5	n = 5
Demographics
Age (years)	28 (26–31)	26 (26–30)	28 (28–34)	0.08
Men (n [%])	4 (40)	2 (40)	2 (40)	> 0.99
Cognitive style
Field-independence (n [%])	9 (90)	5 (100)	4 (80)	> 0.99
Residency level
R1 (n [%])	5 (50)	4 (80)	1 (20)	0.21
Heart rate variability
HR (bpm)	75 (70–80)	78 (72–90)	78.0 (69–84)	0.58
SDNN-before (ms)	59.2 (41.4–79.4)	60.2 (49.7–87.9)	60.02 (41.3–92.6)	0.68
RMSSD-before (ms)	49.0 (23.0–75.5)	54.6 (25.8–76.2)	39.09 (22.5–82.9)	0.53
LF/HF ratio	1.34 (0.80–2.74)	1.32 (0.80–2.51)	1.75 (0.75–3.11)	0.70

Continuous variables are summarized as median (interquartile range) and categorize variables are summarized as n (%), as appropriate. Abbreviations: CI: confidence interval; HR: heart rate; IBVR: image-based virtual reality; LF/HF ratio: low frequency/high frequency ratio; RMSSD: root mean square of successive heartbeat interval difference; SDNN: standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals; TBVR: textbook-based virtual reality. ¹Between-group differences were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables, as appropriate

ISSN: 1472-6920