Table 4 Qualitative feedback of the IBVR and TBVR modules

1

26

F

FI

R1

Having participated in ventilation tube insertion procedures allows me to observe them more attentively and receive more targeted feedback. In contrast, since I have not been involved in any da Vinci operations, I find it challenging to retain the details after viewing VR simulations of these procedures

The sensor location of the facial nerve detector and the position of the ground line could be illustrated in greater detail.

engagement, usability, instructional content, cognitive load, suggestions for improvement

2

26

F

FI

R1

The IBVR training videos are meticulously produced, and the accompanying quizzes are notably engaging.

I can control my reading speed more effectively with the textbook compared to watching the videos.

engagement, usability, instructional content, cognitive load

3

26

F

FI

R1

I gained a lot from the IBVR training, although the narration was often disrupted by background noise.

TBVR instructions appear to be more straightforward to comprehend than image-based VR instructions.

engagement, usability, instructional content, cognitive load

4

28

M

FI

R1

The IBVR training captures the feel of actual surgical operations well. Enhancing the simulations to allow for operating instruments in VR could make the experience even more realistic. Nevertheless, the training provides valuable feedback and has significantly improved my practice in the operating room.

The text should provide more detailed descriptions of the procedures, and the illustrations could be clearer. Some terms were unclear to me.

engagement, usability, instructional content, cognitive load, suggestions for improvement

5

31

M

FI

R2

The monotone voice used in the IBVR training became tiring and caused me to feel sleepy after listening for extended periods.

The TBVR training contained too many slides on each page. I found the learning effectiveness of the IBVR to be superior to that of the TBVR.

engagement, usability, instructional content, cognitive load

6

28

F

FI

R1

The pace of the IBVR training was somewhat too slow.

There were too many tests, and the font size of the text was quite small.

instructional content

7

32

M

FD

R2

The effectiveness of the IBVR training could be enhanced by integrating it with actual practice sessions.

Very stylish.

usability, instructional content, suggestions for improvement

8

28

F

FI

R2

The titles were overly wordy. While the narration was clear, it lacked intonation, and the video quality was high.

It was difficult to navigate the pages of the VR textbooks. I suggest reducing the number of words in the dialog boxes.

usability, instructional content, suggestions for improvement

9

28

F

FI

R2

The IBVR training provided clearer instructions than the TBVR training, as the steps were depicted more vividly and directly. I recommend reducing the time spent on demonstrating sensor placements for the facial nerve detector. Additionally, could IBVR training be extended to include neck dissection procedures?

The pretest and posttest small quizzes aligned well with the TBVR instructional content and were more engaging than reading the actual textbook. However, the head-mounted display made me feel a bit dizzy. Additionally, some sentences related to the da Vinci system were somewhat difficult to understand.

engagement, usability, instructional content, cognitive load, suggestions for improvement

10

36

M

FI

R2

The IBVR training displayed more detailed aspects of the actual operation and could potentially replace some hands-on training. It would be beneficial to eliminate repetitive demonstrations, like sensor placements, to maintain attention.

TBVR training was more suitable for reviewing procedures. The VR provided an excellent visual experience and captured my attention.

engagement, usability, instructional content, cognitive load, suggestions for improvement